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Construction of pipelines outfalls with polyethylene (PE)

info@elinsubca.com — Mon, 25 May 2015 13:00:20 +0000

Sewage Water

Figura Nº 1. Instalación de Tuberías PEAD
Fuente: BLOGPLASTICS

The treated wastewater is normally leads to the discharge area of the receiving environment at a certain depth and distance from the coast. An output of deep water provide excellent dilution of wastewater. The depth will vary output in a range of 10-60 m, depending on the self-purification capacity of the receiving environment. The receiver means may be a river, lake or sea.

The emissary usually starts in the discharge chamber of the coastal zone, to where the wastewater is lead by gravity or pumping. It is unusual to resort to pumping directly into the outlet pipe and is not recommended. If necessary pump, the best solution is to pump wastewater to the discharge chamber and lead by gravity to the receiving environment.

The main task of the discharge chamber is to prevent air from entering the pipe. The air can cause flotation of the pipe due to the pushing force. It should also take into account the variations of the high and low tides when the discharge chamber is designed.

Issues Relating to the Project

Figura Nº 2. Diseño de Instalación de Tuberías PEAD,
Fuente: BLOGPLASTICS

In general, the specific issues that an outfall character is based are:

– Estructural
– Hidráulico
– Sanitario

La ejecución de un proyecto de emisario submarino deberá ser precedida de una búsqueda de información base por intermedio de tareas oceanográficas de amplia duración y extensión. Dichas tareas abarcan las áreas biológica, física, geológica, química y meteorológica, para la obtención de datos sobre vientos, corrientes marítimas, oleajes, mareas, batimetría y naturaleza de los fondos marinos.

El conocimiento de la naturaleza de los fondos marinos es uno de los aspectos mas importantes por lo que respecta a tuberías en zanja, directamente apoyadas en el fondo marino o una solución compuesta de las dos anteriores, en general la mas usual.

Cuestiones Estructurales

Figura Nº 3. Hundimiento de Tuberías PEAD,
Fuente: BLOGPLASTICS

Las principales fuerzas actuantes en conducciones subacuáticas son las resultantes de oleajes y de corrientes marítimas. Tuberías instaladas a lo largo de los bordes o cruces de ríos, sufren el efecto de las corrientes. En el caso de un emisario submarino, además de los efectos de oleaje y corrientes marítimas, también habrá que tener en cuenta las fuerzas resultantes de la inestabilidad de los fondos.

La evaluación de las distintas fuerzas actuantes es particularmente difícil y muchas veces poco rigurosa.

Se tendrá que obtener respuesta a los siguientes aspectos;

– Resistencia en la zona de rompientes.
– Resistencia en la zona de corrientes.
– Resistencia a la inestabilidad de los fondos marinos.
– Definición de la longitud de los tramos, de acuerdo con las características de implantación.
– Capacidad de utilización de uniones mecánicas para conectar los distintos tramos y mantener la continuidad estructural del emisario en la dirección longitudinal.
– Capacidad de adaptar “lastres” según la profundidad y las características del lecho submarino.

Cuestiones Hidráulicas

En resumen, se identifican las siguientes:

– Definición de caudales y velocidades.
– Determinación de pérdidas de carga.
– Disposición y cálculo de los órganos hidráulicos.

Cuestiones sanitarias

Figura Nº 4. Hundimiento de Tuberías PEAD,
Fuente: SAMASA

La componente biológica en los estudios oceanográficos se subdivide en distintas partes. Una de ellas consiste en determinar el parámetro T90 (decaimiento bacteriano), con base a lo cual – tomando en consideración los efectos de corrientes, oleaje y vientos – se calcula la longitud de un emisario submarino de residuales.

También estudios de oceanografía química (calidad del agua) permiten caracterizar el medio receptor antes de iniciar el proceso de vertido o de toma. Todos los datos de base obtenidos constituyen referencias para evaluar impactos medioambientales con el funcionamiento del sistema y su control por monitorización, a saber:

– Interacción de corrientes marítimas.
– Vientos.
– Fauna marítima.
– Conocimiento de los perfiles de temperatura y salinidad en el punto de vertido / toma.
– Coeficiente de dispersión y de auto depuración.
– Capacidad del medio receptor, entre otros, para permitir definir la longitud del emisario y características del difusor.

Lastres de Hormigón

Figura Nº 4. Diseño de Hormigon de Concreto.
Fuente: BLOGPLASTICS

Pueden ser de distintas formas geométricas, de acuerdo con el tipo de instalación, recomendándose utilizar lastres excéntricos, para garantizar mayor estabilidad de la tubería.

Como los tubos de PE flotan , incluso llenos de agua, para hundirlos habrá que incorporar lastres de hormigón, en general, constituidos por dos piezas de hormigón armado, con dimensiones y formas geométricas distintas, y que se abrazan a la tubería por medio de tornillos y tuercas. En su parte interior disponen normalmente de dos gomas sintéticas tipo EPDM para impedir daños de los lastres de hormigón a las tuberías.

La protección de los elementos metálicos, así como de las bridas para conexión de tramos de tubería, se garantiza con ánodos de sacrificio, en principio de zinc ó de aluminio.

Los lastres deberán disponerse con intervalos equidistantes – no más de 10 veces el diámetro nominal de la tubería, sin exceder 5 metros – para que se alcancen coeficientes de esbeltez bajos.

Por “cargamento” se puede definir como el cociente, representado en porcentaje, entre la suma de todas las cargas de hundimiento y las fuerzas de empuje del sistema, considerando la tubería llena de aire.

Durante la operación de hundimiento la tubería no deberá cargarse más del 65% de la capacidad de flotación, disminuyendo este porcentaje en función de las características del tubo (espesor) y de la profundidad del mar.

El cemento utilizado en el hormigón deberá resistir a la agresividad química del agua y el acero empleado deberá estar recubierto con un mínimo de 40 mm. La superficie de contacto de los lastres con los tubos deberá estar revestida con bandas de elastómero en EPDM o Neopreno de 5 á 10 mm de espesor como mínimo.

El lastre inferior y el superior están unidos con tornillos de acero galvanizado y protegidos con ánodos de sacrificio.

Relación de artículos sobre emisarios submarinos

Fuente: Vegas, Rodolfo “Construcción de emisarios submarinos con tuberías de polietileno (PE)”.Blogplastic.com. 05 de agosto del 2014 http://blogplastics.com/construccion-de-emisarios-submarinos-con-tuberias-de-polietileno-pe/.
Adaptado por: Maidee Falcon (Ingeniero Industrial)

Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs)

info@elinsubca.com — Thu, 21 May 2015 15:30:17 +0000

A scientific study shows that the environmental footprint of plastic pipes is of medium equivalent to a third of the alternative materials

Figura Nº1. Lecho Marino
Fuente: Elinsubca C.A

A new study, the prestigious independent Institute for Technological Research of Flanders (VITO), funded by the European plastic pipes industry is conclusive in its results: the plastic pipes are more sustainable than alternative materials.

The results indicate that, on average, plastic pipes have an environmental footprint that is two-thirds less than that of the piping systems materials such as concrete, copper or ductile iron.

“Plastic pipes are generally known for their ease of installation, lower cost and greater durability than its alternatives, but now we have conclusive scientific evidence showing that they also have less environmental impact than other materials,” says Hans Telgen, President of TEPPFA, the European association of plastic pipes and fittings.

Smaller footprint, higher profits

Figura Nº 2. Difusor de Polietileno.
Fuente: Elinsubca C..A

To make a fair comparison between different types of materials and determine the environmental impact of different products, it is necessary to evaluate and analyze every stage of its life cycle.

For each specific application, comparisons have been made according to ISO 14040 and 14044 standards in force, using the same functional unit for different materials compared.

“Environmental footprints” may be adverse or beneficial. Adverse effects such as the emission of greenhouse gases can be generated in the manufacturing stage or at the end of product life; the beneficial effects help to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by saving energy while the product is in use. Regarding plastic pipes, the life-cycle assessment has shown that the environmental impact of plastic piping systems is significantly less than traditional materials systems.

Determining the environmental impact of a product

Figura Nº 3. Instalaciòn de Tuberias PEAD.
Fuente: Elinsubca

A life-cycle assessment (LCA) complete and scientific is the standard method for an objective comparison of the environmental impacts of different products or services. This type of evaluation involves the systematic collection and evaluation of quantitative data on inputs and outputs of material, energy flows and associated waste product throughout its entire life cycle. Therefore, to calculate global impacts, assess the full range of processes, starting with the production of raw materials, their transformation into products and continuing with the transportation and installation of the products, the use of the product during its life useful, and finally disposal or reprocessing product at the end of his life.
The results of the evaluation of LCA are generally published in the form of Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) in accordance with prEN 15942, to communicate the overall environmental impact of a product.

The European Association of Plastic Pipes and Fittings (TEPPFA) is an industry association representing European-wide leading manufacturer of plastic pipes and their national associations. TEPPFA has commissioned a series of Environmental Product Declarations, which cover the main types of plastic piping systems, based on updated data ACL.

These life-cycle assessment (LCA) have been performed by internationally renowned Flanders Institute for Technological Research (VITO), following the methodology of ISO 14040 and 14044. The results obtained by VITO were validated independently by other recognized institute sustainable development, Denkstatt GmbH in Austria, following the methodology of ISO standards.

The study said the data collection systems of plastic pipes companies representing more than 50% of the European market. Data piping systems of alternative materials (concrete, ductile iron and copper) were obtained from publicly available information.

Environmental impact criteria

The environmental impact of each pipe material has been evaluated throughout its entire life cycle, according to six different criteria:

Figure No. 4. Sinking of polyethylene pipe to the seabed Source: ELINSUBCA C.A.

1) Potential of “abiotic” destruction: the over-extraction of mineral, fossil fuels and other inert and non-renewable materials, can lead to depletion of natural resources.

2) Potential “acidification” emissions, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, due to manufacturing processes, leading to acid rain that damages the soil, water resources, human and animal organisms and the ecosystem.

3) Potential ‘Eutrophication': arising from the over-fertilization of water or soil nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. This accelerates the growth of plants and kill animal life in lakes and waterways.

4) Potential contribution to “global warming” (carbon footprint): the greenhouse gases (CO2 and methane) in the atmosphere is one of the biggest contributors to global warming, affecting both human health and the ecosystem in which we live.

5) Damage Potential Ozone: reduction of the ozone layer in the atmosphere caused by the emission of chemical foaming agents and cleaning allows the passage of higher levels of UV radiation from the sun, causing skin cancer and decreasing performance the crops.

6) Potential “oxidation photo-chemistry” chemical photocatalytic reaction of sunlight with primary air pollutants such as volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides, causes chemical mists (smog) affecting human health, crops and the ecosystem in general.

Comparison of different piping systems

Figure No. 5. Installation of subsea pipelines
Source: Elinsubca C.A

Different types of piping systems typically offer different benefits. These are provided by a range of alternative materials and different kinds of plastic. In this study we have made direct comparisons between plastic pipes Polypropylene or PVC and ductile pipes for evacuation casting systems; polyethylene or PVC pipes and ductile iron pipes in water supply systems under pressure; Three different types of PVC pipes or concrete pipes Polypropylene and sanitation systems without pressure; and crosslinked polyethylene pipes (PE-X) or multilayer PE-PEX / AI / PE-PEX and copper piping systems hot and cold water.

The study was conclusive in favor of plastic piping systems. Throughout the full range of applications evaluated, it has been shown that on average, the use of plastic piping systems reduced by two thirds the environmental footprint compared to alternative materials.

More detailed information about the EPD’s for each class of plastic pipe can be obtained by contacting www.teppfa.eu or TEPPFA: info@teppfa.org

Author’s note:

TEPPFA is the European association of plastic pipes and fittings, which groups 15 national associations and 11 direct member companies. TEPPFA represented by industry directly employs 40.00 people, annually produces 3 million tons of plastic pipe with an annual turnover of 12 billion euros

Source: ASETUB (Spanish Association of Manufacturers of Plastic Pipes and Fittings) http://asetub.es/medio-ambiente/declaraciones-medioambientales/articulo-de-prensa

Adapted by: Maidee Falcon (Industrial Engineering)

Underwater HDPE pipes in Seawater inlet

info@elinsubca.com — Fri, 16 Aug 2013 16:32:34 +0000

System design Comunicantes vessels.

Pipes scheme intake and discharge

ELINSUBCA recently completed the construction of the intake system and underwater discharge pipe seawater with high density polyethylene (HDPE) for Thermal Power Plant Juan Bautista Arismendi (PJBA) in the town of El Guamache in Edo. Nueva Esparta. This plant is intended to reach a final installed capacity of approximately 750 MW, with the company GTME DE VENEZUELA S.A turnkey contractor, responsible for completing this mission together with the Venezuelan state company CORPOELEC.

The thermoelectric plant will provide water for industrial processes through a desalinator system, which will capture seawater through a simple system of communicating vessels. This is composed of a pit as pumping station and HDPE pipe 315 mm in diameter and 906 m length, which connects and continuously feeds the sea during pumping pit water. This design was proposed by the engineering company Vepica C.A. and was approved by the inspection company C.A INELMECA, both Venezuelan companies with great experience in the area of consulting engineering.

One of the challenges presented by this project was the construction of the system of communicating vessels, which had no previous similar experience in the country. ELINSUBCA C.A being selected and a specialist in the construction of submarine pipelines systems HDPE company, presented a coherent constructive design in three stages of development:

Fosa de bombeo para Toma de Agua de Mar

PUMPING PIT: reinforced concrete structure built to receive and store seawater from outlet pipe with dimensions: 4.25 m x 6.50 m x 9.20 m (width x length x height). The complexity in its construction was determined by the excavations below the water table, as being just 300 meters from the shore of the beach, the sea level is 4.5 m above the floor of the pit. This structure suction pumps that carry seawater desalination system will be installed.
PIPELINE TAKES: Installation of 906 m of HDPE pipe Ø 315 mm, consisting of a stretch of land 250 m from the pit to the point of entry to the sea (transition zone) and 656 m of pipe weighed down with anchors reinforced concrete and buried in the seabed. This underwater pipeline built into the pump pit, keep the connection to the sea to complete the system of “Feed Comunicantes Vessels”.
DISCHARGE PIPING: installation of an outfall in HDPE 1124 m in total length and Ø 315 mm, consisting of a stretch of land of 384 m ranging from a pit of loading to the sea, and a submarine section 740 m anchors weighed down with concrete and buried in the seabed. Through this pipe the water already treated product of industrial processes thermoelectric plant, including the reject water from the desalination plant is returned, discharged through a diffuser built with 6 outlets 75 mm in diameter, each connected to type duck bill valves to improve the initial dilution of the effluent discharged into the sea.

Launch Pipes – Stretches Submarines

The intake and discharge pipes were built in long stretches of approximately 300 m, connected to the sea through a technology developed by Elinsubca that significantly reduces execution times and the risk of industrial accidents. Thanks to this constructive proposal was possible to complete the work within a period of four months, with zero accidents and full operation of the system.

With the development of this work, Venezuela has considerable experience in building power systems seawater communicating vessels, this being evidence of ideal solution for powering desalination plants and cooling systems in power plants by employing of HDPE submarine pipelines.

Marketing Management of Elinsubca C.A

Take Seawater System by Communicating Vessels

Outfall – Optimal in Wastewater Treatment.

info@elinsubca.com — Fri, 08 Mar 2013 21:24:41 +0000

The best alternative for the treatment of wastewater in coastal villages.

Installing outfall Carupano – Venezuela

Outfalls with large dilution capacity combined with removal treatment solids (primary treatment) are the most efficient, reliable and economical to manage domestic wastewater in nearby sea populations alternative over any secondary treatment is conducted in treatment plants.

Henry J. Salas, adviser Control of Water Pollution CEPIS, in its study called “EMISSARIES ALTERNATIVE SUBS VIABLE FOR DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE IN COASTAL CITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN” said that since the beginning of humanity, world’s oceans, which cover 70% of the surface of the earth, have been used as a receptacle of human waste, however, generally have not undergone major changes since the chemical composition of the sea has remained essentially the same for more than a million years.

Furthermore, when the huge amount of organic matter and sediment carried to the sea by rivers in the world as a result of natural processes, the contribution of wastewater produced by man is small compared. An interesting observation about the relative unimportance of organic matter was made by Dr. John D. Isaacs, who noted that only the fecal discharge anchovies coastal waters of southern California was equivalent in organic content (biological demand oxygen and suspended solids) to the waste water of about 90 million people, and this is just one of the hundreds of species of marine life.

Henry J. Salas also said that the real problems of pollution occur when man concentrated waste in restricted rather than disperse them in broader areas where natural purification process can operate more easily areas. Typically, large population centers developed along the coasts; in view of the magnitude of the ocean, it is logical and economic, that the discharge of sewage from coastal cities is made to adjacent marine waters. A properly designed outfall provides an effective treatment of these wastewater mechanism. It can be achieved initial immediate dilutions of the order of 100 to 1 consistently in the first few minutes of download, reducing the concentration of organic matter and nutrients, characteristics of domestic wastewater to levels that would not have ecological effects adverse in the open sea. On the contrary, the introduction of such substances usually faulty nutrient ocean environment could be beneficial in many situations.

(*)

Fundamental variables in the design of a outfall.

Submarine discharge diffuser

Dilution capacity of an emissary constitute three main factors:

a).-Distance wing that the effluent is discharged from the coast or to areas of human uses,

b).-Depth of discharge of effluent, and

c).-The efficient design of the diffuser discharge which must be adapted to the specific conditions of the marine area that will receive the effluent.

A illustrative and using approximate figures way, an outfall should be able to ward off the effluent at distances between 2 to 5 Km and possibly reach above 15 m deep (depending on the flow of the effluent, the morphology of the coast and the bathymetric profile of the discharge area), in order to ensure excellent dilutability changing oceanographic conditions that provide the different seasons. It should be noted that these two variables, distance and depth, are complementary, allowing to achieve excellent results with different combinations between them, finding for example be necessary to increase the distance from the outfall when conditions do not allow find great depths and otherwise too, to coast with great depths greater elongation of the outfall would be required.

As third factor in improving dilution (in the so-called primary phase) represents the diffuser, also by way of approximation it should provide the greatest number of discharge ports (or nozzles), appropriate depth, the flow of effluent and characteristics of marine currents found in the download area. This gives us a schematic and rough idea of how they play these three factors in the operation of an emissary, but the beginning of each design project should procure some studies that provide the information needed to optimize its smooth operation and construction optimized costs outfall. These studies should primarily see three aspects:

1.-Marine bathymetry and topography of the coastal zone related area: With this information, you can determine potential suitable for the installation of the outfall routes, providing deep sea area under study, and the approximate length.

2.-Study current, waves, tides and winds: With these results, we can understand the behavior of currents in the study area, in magnitude and direction over time. This allows a simulation of dilution with specialized software, placing an unloading area where the prevailing currents for the longest time of the year allow the effluent away from the coast or areas of human uses.

Of these two aspects it is possible to obtain the information necessary for the design of the diffuser, with which pretend to achieve the highest possible primary dilution for the rest of the work is achieved with the action of ocean currents.

3.-Composition of the seabed: This study seeks to examine in detail the composition of the sea, geologically bed (if rocky, sandy, muddy, clay, etc.) and biologically (as ecosystems: coral reefs, sandy areas, grasslands Thalasia, etc). On the one hand it allows us to design the route emissary intervening as little as possible to the most fragile ecosystems such as coral, and moreover it is possible to design the work of burying the pipeline, according to the hardness of the ground, for proper protection of it.

References:

(*) Study: “OUTFALL VIABLE ALTERNATIVE FOR DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE IN COASTAL CITIES IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN”. Author: HENRY J. SALAS (Advisor on Water Pollution Control CEPIS). Original Air Date: 1988 (Updated: September 1995). Lima Peru.

By: Ing. Freddy Guerra

www.elinsubca.com

Caracas, March, 4 of 2013

Technical Considerations for Construction of Water Supply HDPE Submarines

info@elinsubca.com — Thu, 22 Nov 2012 15:55:15 +0000

Technological evolution:

In the technological evolution of underwater engineering facilities pipe a common factor seen, get materials that provide greater benefits in maintaining systems, with lower investment the longest possible service life is reached. Today, around the world, when subsea pipelines it is, it is intended as a first choice in High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) as a material capable of providing a long life of the systems with the lowest initial investment and low costs maintenance. (See article: exploiting-the-benefits-of-polyethylene-de-high-density-pead-en-projects-of-pipe-submarine).

A new paradigm:

The installation of subsea pipelines HDPE introduce a new paradigm in the construction processes. It has been the use of large and heavy machinery, large vessels and barges tiralíneas required for steel pipe fittings, which could only be provided by construction companies with large investments in equipment; a new concept that stands as an indispensable capital knowledge and experience in building methodologies, where boats and equipment used are smaller in size and are optimized according to the resources found in the work area. This new paradigm has been implemented for many years by developed countries on five continents. Regarding these techniques, we recommend reviewing technical manuals companies: PIPELIFE. (Manual-Technical-for-facilities-submarinasde-pipes-de-polyethylene-Pipelife-Norge-AS) and the Marine Pipeline Installations KWH (http://www.kwhpipe.ca/English/Downloads), among others, as a well comprehensive guide to the art to install subsea pipelines HDPE.

Fundamental changes in the installation technique:

La técnica de instalación del PEAD en tubería submarinas propone aspectos relevantes que cambia cualquier otra técnica de instalaciones de tuberías, por ejemplo las usadas para las tuberías de acero. Haciendo énfasis en cuatro aspectos notables, tenemos que:

1. The HDPE pipe is a flexible and with lower density than water materials:

Long pipeline HDPE

This property of polyethylene makes the pipe and anchors should function as a fully assembled solidarity system, which prevents the movement of the anchors on the pipeline, designed so that each of its components (pipe + anchors + rubber + hardware) can over the last 60 years. This basically requires several things: a) Improve the design and characteristics of concrete commonly used as anchors, with water-repellent properties and recommended 350 kg / cm2 hardness; b) protect the pipe or rose contact with materials such as concrete, rocks, steel, guayas, chains or other element that could damage by wear or cutting effect. To this aim requires placing neoprene rubber buffer between the concrete and the pipe in order to tighten the concrete against the pipe without damaging the pipe these; c) To use hardware and accessories of corrosion resistant materials, usually steel hot dip galvanized or stainless FSPs for projects most important steel.

2. It is advantageous to install the pipeline in several long runs with flanged connections:

A subsea pipeline to reach distances of several kilometers, must be designed to be installed in partial long stretches, commonly from 300 m to 600 m in length, depending on the bathymetric characteristics, environmental conditions workplace and the resources available to the contractor for installation.
The need to work settled several long stretches lies in two aspects: the first inherent to the installation, as it manages to make a project with controls highest quality, preparing each section ground (welding, hydrostatic testing, placing anchors rubber buffer, retrofitting, etc.) for subsequent maritime transport and location on the bed in the shaft sinking.

The second aspect has to do with the ability to repair major damage easily, although it should be noted the importance of designing an aqueduct in PEAD eliminating any possibility of contact elements that may danger to the pipeline, as rocks, boat anchors or shock, fishing nets, and the effect of currents and waves themselves; no possibility is ruled out, although unlikely, that if increased to pipe damage occurs, it can make a repair easily bail out partially or totally damaged to be repaired with the restoration of a section of pipe previously prepared by technical section termofusión on the surface or moving to land if sea conditions warrant. It should be noted that minor damage caused to the pipeline can be solved with mechanical accessories designed for this purpose.

3. Placing anchor damper system to compensate for the internal pressure of the pipe when it is used as water systems, ie transport of pressurized water:

There is a particular requirement in submarines aqueducts built in HDPE (unlike subsea pipelines intended Emisarios or Tomas), consisting of the need for the placement of elements for damping the positive internal pressure it causes an increase in the diameter of the pipeline. which it must be offset by damping washers at the level of the fastening bolts of concrete and thick rubber tube to separate anchors.

This is to avoid overexertion causing damage to the pipe or concrete anchors. Importantly, the pipeline will have a variation in diameter whenever pressurize or depressurize the system, for which it is required that the anchors are installed sufficiently supportive to the pipeline, without allowing displacement between these during depressurization, and also the effort of the pipe against concrete anchors, during pressurization of the system is compensated.

4.- preferably Burying the pipe along its length in water depths less than 10 m:

The burial of HDPE pipe is highly recommended to avoid damage from the different factors mentioned above. While studies of current and waves are decisive, most structural designs recommend burying the pipe completely until you reach a length whose water depth is equal to or less than 10 m, at shallow depths where the greatest forces product produced of waves and currents of catastrophic events seas types of cams.

The burial of the pipeline should be given special consideration as far as environmental impact is concerned, there are two main techniques: the pre-settled: which is to open a trench along the axis of collapse of the pipe, before the collapse of the same, except that the trench should be opened for a sufficient width to compensate sedimentation before the collapse of the pipe and to facilitate its positioning within the trench. This technique provides the advantage of dredging equipment to use higher performance, with the disadvantage of producing an environmental impact on the seabed of major proportions.

The second technique is the post-trenching: which is to bury the pipeline once it has been sunk and positioned on the seabed. By using equipment pumps under suction and jetting bed material is removed just below the pipe, so that it down with the weight itself that provide concrete anchors. This technique offers the advantage of providing minimal negative impact to the environment, since the bed is afflicted with a width significantly less than the first technique trench. However there are special conditions where it is not possible to apply this second technique, as in the case of rivers with permanent flow of high speeds.

Commitment of a country in technological advancement:

As part of the previously developed areas, it is important the active participation of different entities that play a decisive role in the technological development of our country, Venezuela, namely:

Government: since today represents the largest contractor of underwater works, through ministries, water and the oil industry, being necessary to stay ahead of subject knowledge in order to improve their selection processes and contracting.

Designers engineering companies: these being the technical specifications imposed to govern the implementation of projects, it is important that they are up to date knowledge in construction methods of submarine pipelines.

Underwater construction companies: for they are completing the process involved the investment of a project aimed at improving services to the nation. Therefore they play a crucial role in the successful implementation and commissioning of water systems.

All these actors should create synergy between them to ensure the success of the installation of a subsea pipeline project in high density polyethylene (HDPE).

By: Ing. Sergio Elena

www.elinsubca.com
Caracas, November, 12 – 2012

Build your tank with advanced technology saving time and money.

info@elinsubca.com — Fri, 16 Nov 2012 03:05:58 +0000

Tanks Glass-Fused-to-Steel

Glass Fused to Steel Tanks

Technology glass fused to steel (GFS) was introduced to the market for water storage tanks in the mid-seventies.
When the benefits of this type of tank over its life cycle are incorporated, the benefits are difficult to match over other systems.
The glass fused to steel is the premium technology in the market tanks. The physical properties of the GFS are particularly suitable for water storage applications in sectors: oil, thermoelectric and industrial, as well as hydrological public enterprises.

Among the most significant advantages of this technology include:

Minimal maintenance requirements during the life of the tank.
Competitive investment cost compared to other technologies, with the added advantage of being even cheaper over time.
Longer life. Do not corrode or rust. You never need repainting.
Faster, easy assembly without cranes and without scaffolding construction.
Expandable to meet future requirements.
Reusable largely, if moving from site.
Day construction is minimized since they come completely prefabricated to be installed in the field.
Variety of designs of tanks and accessories to meet customer needs.
They are more hygienic storage of drinking water and more resistant to store corrosive liquid, such as seawater.
Minimal maintenance requirements during the life of the tank.

PTAR Tanks – Maturin – Venezuela

Florida Aquastore has developed technology and engineering Vitrium ™ glass factory. This coating combines the extraordinary chemical and physical properties of advanced glass resistant titanium along with improved structure, highly engineered, ultra-fine bubbles.

Ti02 strong glass formulations that provide a more larga.Las life Vitrium features and benefits include:

The electrostatic application of the basecoat ensures consistent quality.
Maximum effectiveness of the coating without requiring an increase in thickness.
Technology processes that provide unique factory certified sheets “holiday-free”.
The efficiency of the process takes a competitive price.
Ideal for hot and cold climates.
Very convenient to store highly corrosive liquids like seawater.

Companies working in the construction sector, know that the success of a work is closely related to the quality of products and especially with the duration. For this reason, the tanks in GFS turn out to be an extraordinary option for the pre assembly of its parts and that ensure easy installation fairly short execution times compared to other technologies tank.

In addition to the advantage of runtime, we now have in Venezuela with the ability to import your tank with preferential currency GFS that the State grants to companies through SITME or CADIVI systems. This condition will allow for significant savings on your investment.

By: Elinsubca C.A,

Florida Aquastore Authorized Dealer in Venezuela.

What it is and what they outfalls?

info@elinsubca.com — Thu, 25 Oct 2012 23:36:18 +0000

OUTFALL SAN ANDRES ISLAND – COLOMBIA

An outfall is a pipeline for wastewater discharges of urban or industrial origin in the sea some distance from the coast. The main objective of the outfalls is to minimize the potential impact of the discharge of sewage into the sea, or what is the same, ensuring good dilution so that the mixture of wastewater and seawater does not alter in any way the natural look and is harmless to the marine ecosystem, to the coast and to the health of humans.

There is a clear objective when you install an outfall: adequate primary and secondary dilution:

The primary dilution is obtained when the flow injected into the water depth is ascending to the surface due to density differences. To achieve good primary dilution the following factors must be taken into account:

The depth of the injection: In general, the deeper the injection, dilution will get better, because it will increase the contact time between the effluent and seawater. However, the economic costs and construction difficulties increase with depth, so you should look for the best depth-cost ratio.
The shape of the outlet of the outfall: The circular morphology is recommended because it has a good spread and minimizes the accumulation of sediment, which prevents clogging.
The orientation of the jet incident: With a horizontal orientation higher effluent path is achieved, so it is recommended that the vertical orientation, which leads directly to the surface.
Undercurrents: The presence in the injection of permanent or semi-permanent currents can positively influence the path of the effluent, getting a better dilution. It is highly recommended to make a thorough study of the currents before the construction of an outfall.

OUTFALL- MARGARITA ISLAND – VENEZUELA

The secondary dilution or dilution drag is created by the wind currents generated in the surface layers of water. This type of dilution depends almost entirely on the properties of the current, so that the factors to consider are:

The wind direction and intensity: It is important to study the statistical data on the intensity and direction of winds usually found in the area.
The morphology of the coast and seabed: Topographic features such as cliffs, coves, …, influence the winds and the presence of a bar, an elevation of the seabed along the coast, can become an obstacle preventing the dispersion of the stain.
The tides and waves: Equally important is to study the tides and wave dynamics, to know how they can impact on the area where the secondary dilution is made.