Figure No.1 Venezuelan coast.
Source: Elinsubca C.A

Waste of human origin have come to the seas for thousands of years, where there has been the assimilation of this organic load through the purification capacity of the ocean. In the past, when we lived in settlements with small populations could live in balance with the environment without waste represent a pollution problem because it came through rivers and runoffs in concentrations they remained below the purifying capacity these natural areas. However, today we have adopted a lifestyle that has led to the creation of highly populated cities, being necessary to continue taking advantage of the immense purification capacity that provides oceans but requiring a device to help transport wastewater to remote areas of shorelines.

Technology that harmonizes with the planet:

The outfall is a system designed to harmonize with the natural process of self-purification which establishes the planet. This should ensure through processes of dilution, dispersion and bacterial decay, that sewage from cities and coastal villages are degraded naturally by the purification capacity of the oceans.

How does an outfall:

• The residual water is discharged through several openings in the diffuser (nozzle) as a series of jets, horizontal, round and high speed that produces turbulence and mixing.

• Dilution occurs during the first few minutes, quickly seawater mixes with sewage and pen tends to rise by the difference in density of the two media.

• 

  Figura Nº 2. Instalación del Emisario              Fuente: Elinsubca C.A

  Dilutions reached within that region, known as near field (or mixing zone) are typically in the order of hundreds (minimum 1: 100) and could reach losmiles (1: 2000 for example). Therefore, concentrations of pollutants are reduced quickly and substantially.

• Dilution pen still drifting with the ocean currents and is spread by oceanic turbulence, causing the transport of this and dispersal at sea. this happens biological treatment of wastewater in the area of ​​dilution and dispersion due to the assimilative capacity of the sea.

• Another important process is the bacterial decay, is the death of these microorganisms because the sea destroys most terrestrial organisms thanks to the action of high salinity, temperature and ultraviolet radiation from sunlight.

• The rapid uptake of substances by the marine environment and the bacterial decay ensures that dilution outfall is perfectly compatible with the most restrictive applications including use for swimming, fishing, recreation and sports.

Sanitation in Latin America beaches waiting:

Figure No. 3 hydraulic pressure test in pipes HDPE. Source: Elinsubca C.A

The situation reflects the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in its publication entitled “Disposal of sewage in coastal cities, applying outfalls,” states the following:

“It is common practice in coastal cities discharge their wastewater untreated into the nearest body of water or more convenient and usually neglected its environmental consequences and health, mainly due to lack of financial resources. In most coastal cities in Latin America and the Caribbean, raw sewage discharges occurring on or very near bathing beaches. Geometric mean total coliform levels above 100,000 MPN / 100 ml has been frequently observed in public bathing beaches with individual measurements at times approaching levels of raw sewage. Wastewater discharges near the coastline cause aesthetic problems, pose potential risks to the ecology and public health and sometimes involve restricting tourism negative economic consequences. “

Figure No. 4.Lanzamiento HDPE pipe from shore sea. Source: Elinsubca C.A.

PAHO report concludes, as a strategy that:

“The economic situation in Latin America does not allow the adaptation of control techniques water quality used in developed countries. For example, the secondary treatment applied to wastewater in developed countries represents a cost that may not be feasible for the countries of the region and unnecessary to achieve water quality goals. On the other hand, outfalls provide an efficient, safe and relatively inexpensive technology for the disposal of sewage and when they are designed appropriately and combined with preliminary or primary treatment, can achieve the objectives of water quality and minimize adverse impacts environment / ecology and public health. The coastal population and living near estuaries, potentially served by outfalls, was estimated at 110 million in 2000, with a consequent wastewater flow of about 250 m3 / s. The proper disposal of this wastewater is critical for the future development and environmental welfare of the region. “

Source: (PAHO) Pan American Health Organization.

Adapted by: Sergio Elena (Mechanical Engineer).

Figure No. 1. Sinking Pipe HDPE Source: Elinsubca C.A

A purification system for outfall – SIDES (term used by ELINSUBCA) is an intelligent solution for the treatment of both industrial wastewater and domestic, which uses the purifying capacity of the ocean to degrade the organic load contained in municipal effluents, in balance with the marine ecosystem.

Its operation can be explained by separating it into 6 main stages:

1. DESIGN SYSTEM (BASIC RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING):

Figure No. 2. purification system by Submarine
Source: Elinsubca C.A

SIDES design should be unique to each project, at this stage you should be considered oceanic studies: bathymetry, current dynamics, composition of the seabed and environmental studies. Consideration should be given health study of various domestic and industrial sources that produce wastewater; their wealth and their physicochemical and biological composition. Counting on these inputs is in the ability to perform hydraulic, structural and sanitary sizing calculations that will enable Debugging System for Submarine.

2. CONTROL IN THE FOUNTAIN (households and industry):

Figure No. 3. Purification System for residential and industrial areas. Source: Elinsubca C.A

This stage includes the control should be practiced in the producing sources of wastewater which is connected to the network of municipal collectors, also the constant monitoring of the effluent before the entrance to the outfall.

In the case of domestic sources, it would be advisable to implement educational awareness campaigns network user to avoid throwing solid, oil or other toxic waste into drains, so that energy savings occur during stage pre-treatment of the effluent, which improves the efficiency of the cleaning system. Other control measures can be applied at home connections, to prevent the passage of solid network of collectors, as well as incentives for recycling campaigns that help improve the quality of domestic effluents.

In the case of industrial effluents, it should be stricter control that covers from the detailed description of the production processes in order to practice the necessary improvements to avoid the issuance of non-biodegradable waste, especially toxic or persistent elements that may cause damage marine organisms (eg heavy metals, radioactive substances, hydrocarbons, persistent organic compounds, etc.). In other words, the processes must be adequate to ensure a free effluent from non-biodegradable agents, a removal of coarse solids and fats.

Usually industries must have a permanent control of the quality of its wastewater by the competent state body, this control will determine whether the effluent produced meets the parameters established in the environmental regulations and with the variables set in the design scrubber system.

3. PRE-TREATMENT (ELIMINATION OF SOLID AND FATS):

Figure 3. Transportation Outfall
Source:. Elinsubca C.A.

In the pre-treatment should include a large removal of coarse solids, settleable and suspended, as well as fats effluent, in order to reduce the undesirable aesthetic impact on the receiving environment, by the appearance of floating solids, stains fat and accumulations of sediment on the seabed.

4. TRANSPORT OF EFFLUENT (OUTFALL):

Figura 3. Tuberías de Polietileno de Alta Densidad
Fuente: Elinsubca C.A

The suitably treated waste water, with partial elimination of fats and solids, are conducted to the mixing zone in the receiving environment (sea, river or lake) through a pipe or outfall.

This line pipe should be designed to prevent the occurrence of failures effluent leaks that could represent a source of contamination in nearshore areas. The pipeline can be constructed in various materials, however, it is recommended to run these facilities with pipe High Density Polyethylene (HDPE acronym in English); as it provides a system capable of operating for a long time (over 60 years), economic, free from faults and without maintenance costs when it is designed correctly.

5. MIX IN THE MIDDLE RECEIVER (DIFUSOR):

At this stage effluent treatment is completed by means of natural purification capacity of the aquatic environment. Since the ocean has a steady source of energy (from the rotation of the earth) that produces continuous ocean currents and oxygenation of the huge volume of the aquatic environment. It has the ability to incorporate the effluent to this medium to be part of (or food chain) of the marine ecosystem, becoming a food source decomposers and detritus trophic organisms cycle.

Figure 6. diffuser
Source: Elinsubca C.A

Through three physical-biological processes debugging is achieved:

• Initial dilution: effluent is conducted to the so-called mixing zone, where a mixture will occur through the discharge diffuser, which is designed to achieve high dilution in the receiving means, achieving lower effluent concentration at least 100 times (dilution of 100: 1) sustained (for example: if you have an effluent with a BOD value of 200, is will fall at least to a value of 2), and in many cases can reach higher dilutions 2000 times (2000 dilution: 1). This initial dilution through diffuser gives rise to the so-called “pen dilution”, being important for design variables: depth, density and temperature of the receiving environment.
• Dispersal: then transport this pen will occur by the action of ocean currents that produce unadispersión effluent (or dilution far field) in an increasing water volume, achieving full integration of the food load to the aquatic environment.

   

• Bacterial decay: bacterial decay refers to the death of typical wastewater effluent (causing gastrointestinal illness in swimmers who use the beaches or spas) pathogenic bacteria. This decay or bacterial death occurs from transportation effluent through the outfall and achieves greater efficiency in the aquatic environment due to the action of several factors: the ultra violet rays, salinity, heat shock and the action of organisms predators existing in the medium.

6. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING:

Figure 7. Inspection on the seabed.
Source: Elinsubca C.A.

Environmental monitoring in a primary factor purification system, since it is intended to do a survey of the initial environmental conditions of the receiving environment (baseline) in the area near the mixing zone and in human use ( as beaches, spas or shellfish farming). This baseline will serve as a standard of comparison with respect to subsequent sampling, once the system is put into operation debugging. It will determine its proper functioning, discard as undesirable accumulations of sediment on the seabed and the water quality values ​​specified in the standard for human use areas are achieved.

This monitoring provides other advantages, as it serves as an experimental source that generates valuable information for calculating future projects also could easily detect one

system malfunction, allowing the necessary demanding those responsible for the project, improvements for its smooth operation.

In conclusion, the purification system by Outfall – SIDES, is an intelligent system using the purifying capacity of the aquatic environment, incorporating the effluent as a food load in the food cycle of this ecosystem. Is a reliable, robust and economic system; able to debug large wastewater flows continuously, with an inexhaustible source of free energy that provides a dynamic current and a convenient constant oxygenation of the receiving environment.

Take pumping pit Seawater

Systems water intake built in high density polyethylene ((HDPE acronym in English) are intended for the abstraction of water from a natural source such as:. Seas, lakes or rivers These systems are used for supplying water for various purposes such as providing drinking water or process water, for desalination of water for cooling systems for air conditioning systems and for the production of clean energy.

Various water intake constructions have been built around the world with pipes High Density Polyethylene, given the extraordinary advantages of the material and technological advances in this type of construction with HDPE. Thanks to the properties of HDPE, these systems can be designed to achieve longer life (over 60 years) with the goodness of being maintenance-free, because it does not suffer the effects of corrosion that attacks other traditional materials. The experience of the last five decades, several projects around the globe, leads to the conclusion that “when systems submerged pipe it is, is the HDPE option more advantages,” because you can count on a cost curve vs lowest since the initial investment, with shorter project execution and technology involving the marine environment amiably time.

Communicating Vessels System:

A water works simply, an example can be seen in the model of “Taking Seawater System Vessels by Comunicantes”. It consists of a pit built on land below sea level, which is connected to the marine environment through a HDPE pipe and a filter that prevents the entry of particularly thick; on the grave of communicating vessels is a pump that sucks the salt water to be stored in a tank or to be directly used in the application to which it is intended.

For the calculation of the pipe must have studies bathymetry and marine currents in the area to be installed, in order to calculate the stability of the pipeline on the seabed and ensuring water quality at the point of uptake (low suspended particles). This is installed with reinforced concrete counterweights that are attached to the pipe; They are built in several long stretches (eg 300 m in length) which are flanged at sea to interconnect; finally ditched the pipe to remain buried in the seabed, especially at depths less than 10 m is required.

Specific applications:

They are diverse applications model “Taking seawater Comunicantes System Vessels” and can be found mainly in:

• Desalination plants supply.
• Cooling thermoelectric plants.
• Power complexes saltwater pools.
• Aerates conditioning systems cooled water (SWAC acronym in English).
• Production systems ocean thermal energy (OTEC acronym in English).

Author: Ing Sergio Elena.
www.elinsubca.com

Take Seawater System Vessels by Comunicantes

Prelaunch sea outfall.

Outfalls have been used with excellent results in different parts of the world for handling wastewater from cities and towns coastal, by which is put into use the natural ability of the ocean to clean up the pollution load of municipal effluents.

This system provides debugging great advantages in handling the wastewater, being very efficient, reliable and robust in performance; low investment cost compared to other technologies and maintenance free to be constructed with pipes High Density Polyethylene (HDPE acronym in English).

How do they work:

This system works using natural purification capacity of the oceans through three-biological physical mechanisms: dilution, dispersion and Bacterial decay. The waters from residential collectors and collectors from industrial leading to a primary treatment plant for removal of coarse solids and fats that may cause undesirable aesthetic effect on the marine environment; then the water is carried to an area in the sea where sea conditions provide the dynamics needed to produce a large dilution of the pollutant load in a very large volume of water flow, where the death of pathogenic bacteria eventually produce and the organic load is evenly integrated into the food chain of aquatic environment.

Debugging system by Outfall:

Why HDPE:

In recent decades they have achieved very satisfactory results in the construction of outfalls with Pipe High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) for the great benefit of this material oak traditional technologies, being able to achieve a system with investment costs more low, with the longest service life (over 60 years) and virtually maintenance free as it will not corrode or produce scale on the inner walls of the pipe. This pipe is installed on the seabed by counterweights reinforced concrete uniformly distributed over the pipe and is buried to protect it from the action of currents and shock anchors mainly in the area of shallow (less than 10 m ).

Author: Ing. Sergio Elena 

www.elinsubca.com

Debugging system Outfall – SIDES

Long underwater pipe sections PEAD

Aqueducts submarines are used to transport drinking water or raw water through seas, rivers or lakes, in order to serve populations that are isolated by these aquatic environments.

Several submarines aqueducts are currently installed in different parts of the world, carrying water to islands from the mainland, crossing gulfs and passing rivers and lakes found in the most feasible route to bring the service to towns that need it for not having own resource of water in amounts sufficient for its development.

An example of underwater aqueducts in operation can be found in Venezuela, currently serving the islands of Margarita and Coche, in the state of Nueva Esparta, carrying water from reservoirs and Clavellino Turimiquire, both located in the Sucre State. These aqueducts total more than 120 km of pipe of various diameters (from 200-900 mm) and carry a total of 3200 l / s, to attend a population of approximately 490,000 inhabitants, totaling nearly 700,000 people in seasons of rest with the influx of vacationers (estimated figures for 2012).

Why HDPE:

There are many advantages provided by the construction of these aqueducts pipes HDPE High Density Polyethylene (DHPE acronym in English). Today it can be considered that the HDPE is the most reliable and economical choice when submerged systems it is because it can have the benefits of a material that is not attacked by corrosion of the marine environment, achieving a system with greater life (over 60 years) being maintenance free; with great flexibility to absorb the irregularities of the seabed and earthquakes; and large hydraulic advantages to drive higher flows with lower friction losses, due to the low fouling the inner walls of the pipe.

How are built:

The transport is usually carried out from a reservoir located on the mainland, through an aquatic area, which is constructed with a HDPE pipe system with reinforced concrete counterweights that are installed in solidarity along the pipeline. These submarines aqueducts must be built through long stretches of welded pipes continues its flanged ends, approximate lengths between 300 and 500 m, which are prepared on the ground and then are taken floated to the installation area to sink so on the seabed.

The long stretches are interconnected by means of flanges, bolts and gaskets stainless steel high pressure, allowing seal the system. To ensure adequate protection of the aqueduct is necessary to make an underwater trenching to bury the pipe and leave it out of the reach of ocean currents and possible clashes with anchors or trailers with fishing nets, especially at lower depths of 10 m where reach higher magnitudes of currents that can affect system stability.

For the design of a submarine pipeline should be available with current studies and bathymetry that reveal in detail the necessary variables to make structural calculations and choose the best route to position the pipe on the underwater bed. Particularly in submarine aqueducts (unlike outfalls) should have systems of dampers, which are part of the counterweights concrete to limit the efforts that may result from the expansion of the pipe to the internal pressure increased system .

Author: Ing. Sergio Elena 
www.elinsubca.com

Underwater diagram Aqueduct

Traditional filter takes no lighting control.

When it is required to capture water from the sea to feed a desalination plant, there is a need to filter the water entering the underwater pipeline, in order to prevent animals from entering and algae into the water system. Generally these structures consist of simple filtering meshes with sufficient catchment area, allowing water to enter a low standard rate, to prevent small bodies being sucked inside.

The main problem presented by these structures, once put into operation, lies in the maintenance of the strainer to be often scraped to remove the biological material growth on its surface. This situation is compounded when the coaptation depth is small, as to be greater illumination increases the growth of organisms, considered an area of high biological activity. Therefore, it may require having to make frequent maintenance to clean the strainer.

Benefits.

This design provides a filter operation takes unobstructed submarine involving constant maintenance for cleaning. It also allows him, simply, reviewing physical condition of the mesh filter and the inner walls of the filter structure with the use of a minimum dive staff..

Basic Principles.

The proposed design for the filter takes is to achieve water inlet filter mesh without its interior from light. This is intended to mimic similar to an underwater cave, where water flows freely but life inside its walls is sparse environment, being an environment of low biological activity.

Design forms can be varied according to the specific conditions of each project, but in this paper we propose an outline of a submarine outlet filter with lighting control, simple but meets the following design principles:

• Capture water from the bottom of the intake structure as the light comes from the filter surface and thus prevents direct light inside.
• Create a maze to the passage of light that creates a dark atmosphere around the Mayan filtering.
• Paint the inside of the camera obscura in black, and the surface of the labyrinth of light, to avoid reflection of what little light can sneak inside.
• Section passage of water through the maze of light must be greater than or at least equal to the catchment area of the mesh filter. In order not to increase the input speed to avoid suction filter and small organisms into.
• You must have a service lid easily removed in order to check the status of the strainer and the inner surface of the camera obscura.

Take filter scheme with lighting control:

Filter takes submarine design

Recommendations

For the design of such structures should be considered structural calculations that consider the stress caused mainly by currents, by weight provides the deposition of biological material on the outer surface of the filter housing outlet, for damage occurring boat anchors, by clogging fishing nets, etc. Thus using the same design principles mentioned above could be generated structures of different sizes, shapes and construction materials.

Author:  Ing. Sergio Elena Romero.   Empresa Elinsubca

Fecha: 15 de octubre de 2012

Key sinking underwater pipe HDPE

The collapse of the pipe and the diffuser is carried out basically with the own forces of nature, ie, gravity, buoyancy and air pressure.

In this article a brief description of the main elements involved is carried out before and during the collapse

.

A number of previous aspects that must be met. Below we list the most relevant.

The first thing you should be prepared, approved and published before the start are the procedures, both sequential to be executed to ensure the quality of work activities and the safe working procedure to ensure that workers do not suffer incidents or accidents during execution.

It is also important to meet the processing, signature and obtaining all permits from the relevant government agencies; verify that you have all the required tools and equipment and all are in perfect working order and finally verify that has adequate marine conditions.

Prior to the work of sinking, the pipe must be floating on the sea and contain concrete counterweights and separations in the amounts indicated in the engineering design. The sections must be linked through flanges with bolts, nuts and washers preferably stainless steel. The pipe shall be equipped with coupling flanges at each end of the long to be sunk (usually from 300 m to 600 m in length) sections. When the long stretches have been tested with test pressure and are sealed at their ends, floating with all its balances, it is said that the pipeline is ready for relocation process. The tubes will be transported to the shaft sinking through marine vessels located for this purpose.

Once the pipeline on sinking the shaft ready, proceed to introduce water and release the compressed air while providing you with a certain tension pulling.

The sink rate should be less than 0.3 meters / second, for which must control the internal pressure of the air in the pipe.

Operation is necessary sinking as a continuous process. The pipeline must be configured as “S”.

Curva de tuberia de polietileno de alta densidad.

If the sag is stopped, the elastic modulus polyethylene material decrease and the minimum bend radius is reduced analogously. This situation may cause buckling in the pipe. Sinking action of each long stretch of pipe should be carried out in the shortest time possible, usually in less than 30 minutes.

Data from the weather forecast and the waves are essential to prepare the sinking process. The wave height should be as small as possible in relation to the type of boat to be used and may not exceed one meter high during immersion of the pipe. If the action of the waves is as small as possible, increase the safety factor against damage of the tubes.

Some key ideas, in conclusion, to keep in mind for the sinking process:

Develop work procedures and job security.

• Perform detailed calculations of subsidence curves.
• The sink rate can not exceed 0.3 m / s.
• The sinking is effected as a continuous process.
• The weather conditions should be satisfactory.
• The collapse will be made with professionals who have extensive experience in this field.

By:  Ing. Sergio Elena de la empresa ELINSUBCA C.A.
Source: ELINSUBCA C.A. Works Manuals
PipeLife Manual

It is a simple and fast method of welding for joining sections of pipe high density polyethylene (HDPE) is joined by heating to melting temperature and mechanical or hydraulic action, the ends of the pipe.

The principle of heat fusion is heat two surfaces to a temperature, and then fuse by applying force. This pressure causes flow of the molten materials, mix and merge. When the tube is heated HDPE, the molecular structure changes from a crystalline state to an amorphous state. When fusion pressure is applied, the molecules of the ends of the tube are mixed. As the joint cools, the molecules return to their crystalline form, the original interfaces disappear and finally the two tubes become a homogeneous tube. The joint area becomes stronger than the pipe itself, either under stress or pressure.

For a good weld it is necessary that the following steps are met:

1. Must install the hot melt equipment according to the manufacturer’s specifications.
2. The pipe ends must be aligned with each other to minimize mismatch or thickness in the tube walls. This is done by adjusting the clamp tubes.
3. Be cut and bevel the ends of the tubes. These should be cut so that the surfaces are clean, parallel and couples and are located perpendicular to the centerline of the tubes.
4. Verify alignment, gently joining the ends facings. cutting perpendicularity then finds, controlling the gap between the faces is not greater than 0.2% thickness.
5. Clean with alcohol Towelie impregnated surfaces or ends of the pipe, not use any other type of solvent and avoid touching surfaces to be joined.
6. The welding surfaces must be compressed against the heater with a force that is proportional to the diameter of the pipe and then be decreased to a value of 0.05 Nw / mm2 plate. This is done in order that the faces absorb heat necessary PolyFusion. This decrease causes the formation of a uniform bead around the circumference, which is directly related to the thickness of the tube.
7. The heating time depends on the thickness of the tube and indicated in the specifications of the machine used hot melt. The pressure at the time of welding should not be less than 0.02 Nw / mm2.
8. Once elapsed heating time of the surfaces to be welded, the heating plate is removed without touching the soft material, this is done uniformly. Time retirement heater plate should be as short as possible, maximum one (1) second per millimeter thickness having the tube. It should inspect the ends of the tubes have a uniform fusión.
9. Immediately gather the two ends of the tubes by applying a gradual force, from a value of 0.15 Nw / mm2 (1.50 Kg. Force) until the final value indicated in the tables. The time during which the force is increased according to the thickness and is given in the diagram total welding time. The final strength must be maintained until the solder has cooled down to a temperature of 70 ° C. should not accelerate cooling with water, solvents or drafty.
10. Inspect that the entire circumference, the shoulder is against the tube. The pipe joint must remain immobile in a period of 10 to 60 additional minutes before handling or testing.

Sources: Procedures Manual HDPE Pipe Welding, Elinsubca C.A.
Welding Procedures, Revinca C.A.

]]> http://www.elinsubca.com/eng/2012/09/30/soldadura-de-tuberia-de-polietileno-de-alta-densidad-pead/feed/ 2 http://www.elinsubca.com/eng/2012/09/30/aprovecha-las-ventajas-del-polietileno-de-alta-densidad-pead-en-proyectos-de-tuberias-submarinas/ http://www.elinsubca.com/eng/2012/09/30/aprovecha-las-ventajas-del-polietileno-de-alta-densidad-pead-en-proyectos-de-tuberias-submarinas/#comments Sun, 30 Sep 2012 08:59:44 +0000 http://www.elinsubca.com/?p=289 Outfalls, Catchments, Aqueducts:

Soldadura de PEAD para Emisario Submarino

When installing emissaries, catchments and underwater aqueducts required pipe high density polyethylene (HDPE) is the best solution compared to other alternatives such as steel, cast iron, fiberglass or concrete when submerged refers facilities.

A world of benefits:

• Lower frictional losses.
• Easy to transport.
• It is not attacked by corrosion (does not require cathodic protection).
• Absence of sludge and scale within.
• Long life (over 60 years).
• Lower costs of procurement and installation.
• Better behavior before earthquakes.
• Lower maintenance costs.
• Elasticity and flexibility to adapt to the topography.
• Facilities for installation in long stretches Subsea Pipelines.

The implementation of these projects require professionalism. Be sure to include the following aspects:

• Preliminary Evaluation
  • Find customer needs and visualization of technical solutions.
  • Pre-technical design variables: length, diameter, depth, pumping, among others.
  • Eval of the limitations of the Project.
• Study
  • Bathymetric study.
  • Pipe welding.
  • Topographical area land-water transition.
  • Oceanographic: winds, currents, tides and waves.
  • Sampling the ocean floor.
  • Environmental and social Impact.
• Route Selection
  • Submarine review to verify site features, soil conditions, slope, location of obstacles, environmental restrictions, among others.
    ◦Identify and selection of the most suitable route by applying technical, economic and environmental criteria.
• Permitting
  • Environmental issues.
  • Port captaincy.
• Pipeline Design
  • Hydraulic design: Calculation of length, diameter and pumping requirement.
  • Structural design: Calculation of thickness of pipe, concrete counterweights and burial.
  • Dilution calculation of the effluent to determine diffuser design and location of emissaries.
  • Intake filter calculation for water catchment and diffusers for outfalls.
  • Estimated cost of implementation.
• Selection and evaluation of suppliers, request for quotations, procurement of goods and services required for execution.
• Execution of the construction processes adapted to the specific characteristics of the town.
• Application Process Project Management: Start, Planning, Implementation, Monitoring and Closing
• Inspection of coastal marine works on the construction process in order to ensure that it is conducted in accordance with the plans, standards and specifications approved.

Using underwater pipeline in High Density Polyethylene HDPE for building Outfalls, catchments and Water Supply is a solution long-lasting and more economical.

By: ELINSUBCA C.A.
www.elinsubca.com
Caracas, january, 15, 2012

Emisario de PEAD en tramos de 300 metros antes del hundimiento

Studies by international organizations on environmental protection, indicate that discharges of sewage into the sea through outfalls and diffusers systems represent a viable alternative for coastal cities. These systems can take advantage of natural assimilative capacity of the sea, which functions as a water treatment plant without causing any undesirable impact on seawater.

Venezuela is one of the Latin American countries with older systems emissaries have many populations located in coastal areas. He also pioneered the development of maritime sanitation plans than other Latin American countries. Howevers, most of these emissaries were built with steel pipes carbon (commonly called iron) for lack first time of a different material and subsequently due to ignorance of the benefits offered by the high density polyethylene HDPE widely used in various countries Asia, Europe, USA and South America.

This situation is history because about 10 years ago have emerged companies that have begun the installation of outfalls high density polyethylene HDPE, many, companies whose business area has been the professional diving but have made great efforts in implementing their diving techniques for the installation of this new type of submarine pipeline.

It should be recalled that the installation of outfall requires the development of a number of different activities at sea, depending on the technical requirements of each project, inherent characteristics of the installation, location, conditions, sea-weather changing , characteristics of the workboat, specialized naval equipment, crew, divers and equipment for the purpose of being able carry on the work.

Have also been developed by other companies formed by young professionals, university entrepreneurs in the installation of systems emissaries, inlets and underwater aqueducts, implementing technology and innovation by applying own engineering techniques, achieving extraordinary results in the professionalism of this area .

Thanks to these developments, the result of continuous improvement in the characteristics of an installation of subsea pipelines of high density polyethylene activities, welding termofusión exceeds all quality tests, the counterweights are becoming better designed day and optimized in the quantities required , launch systems pipeline sea are becoming simpler day and ensure less damage to the pipe and balances, maritime transportation, coupling and sinking of the sections are safer significantly reducing own occupational hazards of this kind of work . All these advances are translated into a work of higher quality, lower cost and shorter runtime.
Already there are several emissaries and underwater shots that have been built in Venezuela in high density polyethylene HDPE that have allowed the accumulation of invaluable experience that definitely marks a sure path to further progress in environmental sanitation programs coasts of our country. Already part of the past outfalls constructed in materials that offer few advantages in improving the country’s infrastructure.

By Ing. Sergio Elena de la empresa Elinsubca. www.elinsubca.com
 Other Sources:
Dirección de intereses marítimos y medio ambiente acuático de Chile.
Caracas, september, 25,  2012